Motivation to Help Essay Example for Free

Inspiration to Help Essay This paper examines the social mental point of view on making a difference. It handles the components that lead individuals to support others and the hypothetical premise on such activities. It likewise remembers a reflection for the unselfish property in making a difference. Inspiration to Help The homicide of Kitty Genovese in 1964 as one of the most upsetting situations where very nearly 40 individuals were observers yet none of them considered the police so as to safeguard her. This confounded social clinicians regarding how this was conceivable. The aftereffect of their examination was the development of the idea of the Genovese Syndrome. This condition is speculated to exist on certain crisis circumstances where individuals experience a dispersion of obligation. This was a direct result of the thought that there will be somebody who will complete the duty (Alex, 2008). On an individual record, a case of this conduct was seen in the walkway almost a notable strip mall. A woman, roughly matured 50 years was strolling on the about packed asphalt when two men riding a cruiser grabbed her sack. It was not handily taken from her since she attempted to guard herself and her effects. The battle made the two men shoot the woman until she was down on the walkway. The underlying response of the individuals there was to flee from the scene. At the point when the two men immediately left, the individuals gradually went towards the woman. No one aided until the woman shouted in torment. There are various elements that have come about to the absence of responsiveness of the individuals on the person in question. One of which is the onlooker impact. Since there are more individuals in the territory, the duty of helping the casualty is isolated among them. Every one of these individuals had two options of whether they should act or trust that somebody will do it. In this way, the more individuals there are in the zone implies that individuals feel less committed (â€Å"The Bystander Effect†, n. d. ). Additionally, the shout of the woman may have some way or another frightened the individuals around her, which may have spurred the a few people to at long last assistance her. Essentially, there are five stages to aiding or prosocial conduct. As a matter of first importance, so as to help, there must be an acknowledgment that something is going on. It should likewise be deciphered as a crisis. The individual who is to help should likewise feel the duty towards the circumstance. He should likewise know how he is going to help. At long last, the expenses of aiding are likewise surveyed (Stocker, n. d. ). In this specific situation, the five stages were apparent. Despite the fact that the underlying response was to run as a result of the firearm fired, individuals realized that it was a crisis circumstance. Nonetheless, on the grounds that there were many individuals, they didn't have a lot of obligation regarding the circumstance on account of the presumption that somebody will act. At the point when the woman shouted and the two men left, it was the point at which somebody helped, realizing that the expenses are as of now low and it was not, at this point hazardous. There are numerous hypotheses which clarify why individuals are spurred to help. In any case, the most broadly acknowledged hypothesis regarding the matter is the hypothesis of Victor Vroom, known as the anticipation hypothesis. This basically expresses individuals are inspired to help since they are anticipating something consequently, for example, a prize, or a decent exhibition evaluation (Shah, n. d. ). In light of this hypothesis, the demonstration of aiding may not be really charitable in view of the inclination to expect for something consequently. In the event that the one aiding doesn't need anything as a prize, it might be a result of other outside variables, for example, his social picture, religion, or the direct of the general public. All things considered, extra aided could have been offered in the circumstance, knowing the there were many individuals in the circumstance. On the off chance that every one of them felt liable for the occurrence, all things considered, the wrongdoing would have been forestalled. References Alex. (2008, February 13). The Genovese Syndrome: When Nobody Helps. Recovered July 14, 2010, from Neatorama: http://www. neatorama. com/2008/02/13/the-genovese-condition when-no one makes a difference/ Shah, K. , Shah, P. (n. d. ). Hypotheses of Motivation. Recovered July 14, 2010, from Laynetworks: http://www. laynetworks. com/Theories-of-Motivation. html# Stocker, S. (n. d. ). Social Psychology. Recovered July 14, 2010, from http://webcache. googleusercontent. com/search? q=cache:P4aNe4_DzhsJ:www. spsp. organization/understudy/introduction/ppt/myers15. ppt+five+steps+to+prosocial+behaviorcd=4hl=enct=clnkgl=ph The Bystander Effect. (n. d. ). Recovered July 14, 2010, from Changing Minds: http://changingminds. organization/clarifications/speculations/bystander_effect. htm

TV Addiction Problem

Television Addiction Problem Running head: TV ADDICTION: A GROWING PROBLEM Television dependence A Growing Problem The vast majority of my age have never known existence without TV. We have grown up sitting in the family room before the glinting TV screen. It is difficult for us to perceive how TV influences our lives. The conviction that TV is dangerous to correspondence among loved ones is very normal. Then again, TV has sped up at which data voyages, and it can move conditions and pictures into our homes that past ages never had. Individuals will in general glorify the past; they envision a gathering of loved ones engaging themselves by messing around and recounting stories around a warm chimney, yet I don't believe that TV can be accused for the absence of correspondence among loved ones. Indeed, TV is one of the most remarkable methods for imparting in the previous decade, contending with different types of correspondence, for example, the Internet, phone, films, PDAs, and obviously, our discourse. Because of its broad accessibility and advanced media with pictures and sounds, it is hard to get it far from our lives. TV is a need of our lives like our dinners, apparel, and home. From the outset, the telecom business was begun for open purposes. These days, with regards to the impacts of TV, a few people say that TV offers a loosening up time and helpful data to us while others contend that TV doesn't generally goodly affect us due to its impediment to correspondence among individuals. In any case, TV furnishes us with rich points to discuss and an opportunity to get along with one another. The vast majority of all, TV encourages us speak with others. We stare at the TV pretty much every night with our family. For instance, my dad and I appreciate watching news or information based narrative projects. Watching these projects we at times examine current undertakings, for example, the Presidential political decision or financial issues. In like manner, hot issues on TV like news or stylish projects are the most widely recognized points among my companions in my school. On the off chance that some of them didn't sit in front of the TV the earlier night, they can 't participate in the conversation since they don't have anything to discuss. In this regard, since TV gives us different themes identified with our lives, it causes us structure our feeling of closeness with family or companions. Next, TV advances our correspondence since it offers an opportunity to get along with families or companions. These days, the vast majority are occupied to such an extent that they don't have a lot of time to go through with loved ones. Be that as it may, through TV programs, we can get an opportunity to coexist with them. For example, when the 2002 World Cup was held in Korea, numerous individuals made some extraordinary memories with their family or companions. To watch soccer matches, we assembled before TV with companions or family what our identity was distanced from for quite a while. Thusly, such TV programs assist us with working up nearer human connections among individuals. In this manner, I think TV assumes a significant job in advancing correspondence with family or companions. â€Å"Children are bound to turn out to be effectively connected with anything that pulls in them. Particularly, TV gives extraordinary interests its assortment of sounds and pictures to children†. They promptly want for watching it whether substance is neither too simple not very hard to comprehend. By its giving some test, TV permits them to increase a plenteous jargon. Much the same as our muscles, the cerebrum gets more grounded when it is utilized, and decays when it isnt utilized. TV is so regularly censured as being awful for youngsters that a significant certainty now and again gets overlooked†. (ScienceDaily, 2001) A few kinds of TV review may really upgrade childrens scholarly turn of events. TV contains a tremendous assortment of structures and substance. In an investigation, the impacts of TV seeing relied upon program content.† There are in every case awful consequences for youngsters sitting in front of the TV. Kids who are TV watchers progressively see life as a diversion spectacle in which they are attached to assuming job in TV show, and there are forceful substance of current telecom that incredibly influence kids. Also, it is inescapable to stare at the TV without confronting revolting savagery. Again, the impacts of TV seeing rely upon program substance and kind. Kids are required to be exhorted what right TV program to watch by their folks. (Carter Bill, 1996) Youngsters have no capacity of picking what is acceptable or bad.Parents and educators control childrens staring at the TV which is simply overlooking their needs. Guardians and instructor ought to be liable for training how to deal with their time and what benefits kids secure while sitting in front of the TV. (Austin W.P, 2003) â€Å"This issue was less serious before link and the appearance of many channels. The expansion in decision has expanded the likelihood of each relative being dependent on an alternate program on some channel and this in the long run prompts time clashes when two channels show their projects simultaneously and there are distinctive review requests. Among high-salary families this outcomes in more than one TV in the house and the physical fellowship of the working class family is relinquished to TV enslavement. TV enslavement increments in light of the fact that in a given family there are individuals of various ages, sexual orientations, with varying degrees of instruction, individual convictions, scholarly direction, and individual tastes.† (Television dependence, 2007) Consequently, relatives are fixated on viewing their preferred channels. Normally, their watching time step by step increments and they become dependent on it all things considered. The majority of the individuals lean toward investing energy with their families and companions as opposed to investing time staring at the TV. TV assumes a significant job in people groups lives. Be that as it may, the vast majority would pick loved ones over TV. Also, most learned individuals know about the destructive impacts of observing an excess of TV. Through my experience, in the wake of a difficult day at school, I had a lot of time conversing with my folks. For me and my family, our valuable time together can not be contrasted with anything. Moreover, the impact of TV is basically not very good that it could be said to have â€Å"destroyed† correspondence among loved ones. Without a doubt, correspondence among individuals in industrialized nations has diminished as of late. It may be enticing to accuse this issue for TV since its ascent generally concurred with the abatement in time we go through with our families. Nonetheless, I accept this circumstance is more probable because of expanded weights identifying with work, school, and the economy. For my situation, for instance, I find that my weights from examining are incredible to the point that I should regularly forfeit time at home with the goal that I can address the difficulties of accomplishing my own objectives. In certain circumstances, in any case, the facts demonstrate that TV is liable for diminishing correspondence among relatives. In my youth in the open country, I as often as possible saw guardians and youngsters sitting in front of the TV for a considerable length of time each day, and they scarcely conversed with each other. It appeared for them that TV was an approach to escape from when they were tragic or feeling hopeless. Nonetheless, as a matter of fact TV welcomed on terrible conditions Be that as it may, even for this situation, I would state that TV simply added to the terrible circumstance, however it didn't cause it; if TV were nonexistent, doubtlessly these individuals would have discovered different breaks, liquor or betting, for instance. As such, individuals consistently figure out how to do need they need to do. Moreover, we have to understand that no one powers us to sit before the TV. We can decide to turn it off and invest more energy speaking with our friends and family. Rather than considering ourselves survivors of TV, we should perceive how TV can be a decent instrument for us to use as we see fit. Additionally, we can utilize it to find out about the world or just to engage us when we are exhausted. â€Å"Television habit turns into an issue when a subject wouldn't like to sit in front of the TV, yet encounters a wild impulse to begin or proceed watching.† It is regular convictions that quit sitting in front of the TV is the quickest technique to stop TV compulsion. Dependent individuals simply turn off TV screen and attempt to never way to deal with it when they discover first time. It might appear work toward the start. Be that as it may, over the long haul, they get worried by what they are confined to. They should discover main driver of it and in any event give a few endeavors. Despite the fact that it takes long to stop TV enslavement, the principle reason for existing is to discover you feel liberated from TV viewing. It is basic a conviction that the quickest strategy to stop TV fixation by quit staring at the TV. Dependent individuals simply turn off the TV and attempt to never move toward it. It might appear work toward the start. Be that as it may, over the long haul, they get worried by what they are limited to. They should discover the underlying driver of the fixation and in any event give a few endeavors. Despite the fact that it takes a long to stop TV dependence, the principle reason for existing is to be liberated from TV viewing. There are five stages that help us to manage TV dependence. Most importantly, you track the amount TV you observe each time you do. You have to know how much time you spend sitting in front of the TV. Next, look at the measure of time you sit in front of the TV to average time individuals spending on TV. On the off chance that you accomplish more than the normal, attempt to lessen the measure of time. Besides, List the various fun exercises you can do at home as opposed to sitting in front of the TV. Spot your rundown on your fridge so you can check this rundown before you turn on the TV. Think about fun exercises to do as family, family unit ventures you might want to finish, outside exercises, perusing, work out, and so on. Third, set a breaking point for how a lot

Feminist Graphic Nonfiction

Feminist Graphic Nonfiction Todays Free Comic Book Day coverage is sponsored by  All Summer Long  by Hope Larson, published by First Second. Thirteen-year-old Bina has a long summer ahead of her. She and her best friend, Austin, usually do everything together, but he’s off to soccer camp for a month, and he’s been acting kind of weird lately anyway. So it’s up to Bina to see how much fun she can have on her own. At first it’s a lot of guitar playing, boredom, and bad TV, but things look up when she finds an unlikely companion in Austin’s older sister, who enjoys music just as much as Bina. But then Austin comes home from camp, and he’s acting even weirder than when he left. How Bina and Austin rise above their growing pains and reestablish their friendship and respect for their differences makes for a touching and funny coming-of-age story. Hey! Tomorrow is Free Comic Book Day! Whooooo! Now I know when you think about comics you probably dont automatically think feminism or nonfiction, but you really should. There are some fantastic feminist graphic nonfiction books to check out at your local comic book store today, or tomorrow, or whenever your little hearts desire (just make sure the store is open because thats called breaking and entering otherwise, and thats rude.) Dont believe me? Here are some A++ recommendations to get your started on your feminist graphic nonfiction library: Biography Brazen: Rebel Ladies Who Rocked the World by Pénélope Bagieu Obsessed is an understatement for my feelings about this gorgeous book. I love how Bagieus cute style pairs so effectively with her brazen (heh!) and unapologetically frank female characters. While I will literally own every awesome ladies book ever printed regardless of repetitious content, I really appreciate that Bagieu has included quite a few fantastic dames I havent seen get much love in print. Brazen includes profiles on 29 accomplished and inspiring women, including Agnodice, Leymah Gbowee, Christine Jorgensen, Naziq al-Abid, Peggy Guggenheim,   and Las Mariposas. If you havent read her graphic novel Exquisite Corpse or her graphic biography of Cass Elliot, California Dreamin, you absolutely should. Photographic: The Life of Graciela Iturbide by Isabel Quintero, illustrated by Zeke Peña I had seen some of Iturbides work in passing, but prior to this biography hadnt actually known much about her. This is a fleeting look at the (still ongoing) journey of Iturbides life and work told by Quintero, who also wrote the phenomenal Gabi, a Girl in Pieces. Quinteros biographical text pairs exceptionally with Peñas true-to-life illustrations. (If Peñas work seems familiar, its because he is a frequent cover artist for Cinco Puntos Press and did the Gabi cover as well as the covers of both of Sonia Patels novels, Jaya and Rasa and Rani Patel in Full Effect.)   Now I just need a print of Nuestra Señora de Las Iguanas for my living room. Who is Ana Mendieta? by Christine Redfern, illustrated by Car Caron Havana-born Mendieta was a video artist, sculptor, performance artist, and painter whose work has appeared around the world. Her work was generally autobiographical and focused on themes including feminism, violence, life, death, identity, place and belonging, and she favored references to the natural elementsâ€"fire, earth, wind, water, and blood. If you havent heard of Mendieta before, this biography will get you caught up quickly. Woman Rebel: The Margaret Sanger Story  Fire!! The Zora Neale Hurston Story by Peter Bagge Bagges style is easily recognizable and he brings his boisterous technique to the page to tell the tale of two complex pioneers of feminism. Margaret Sanger is best known as the woman who popularized the phrase birth control and for opening the first birth control clinic in the United States. Hurston was a key contributor, as folklorist and author, to the Harlem Renaissance. Bagge does both ladies justice in these graphic biographies. Josephine Baker Kiki de Montparnasse by Jose-Luis Bocquet, illustrated by Catel Muller Its possible that one day I will tire of the badass Parisian ladies of the 1920s, but I doubt itll be any time soon. Bocquet and Muller do a fantastic job bringing an authentically French perspective to two of the leading muses of interwar Paris. Baker is so much more that the banana-skirt dancer and Kiki is far more than an artists model. If youre un- or less than familiar with either, I strongly recommend both of these beautiful books about these trail-blazing, self-sufficient, and determined babes. Frida Kahlo: The Story of Her Life by Vanna Vinci As a bisexual woman who deals with chronic physical and mental health issues, as well as infertility, Frida Kahlo has long been one of my personal saints. This fantastical spin on her biography interweaves Kahlos story and art with a fictional (?) relationship she carried on with Death, or Santa Muerte. This is an incredibly emotional book and the Vincis illustrations are stunning. Vinci treats her subject with the same reverence and mysticism that Kahlo, herself, treated her native Mexico and it pays off. The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage by Sydney Padua Ive got a thing for Ada Lovelace, mathematician and worlds first computer programmer! The daughter of eccentric (and syphilitic) poet Lord Byron even has her own holiday, Ada Lovelace Day. This book is a mixture of written biography with graphic and really give a fantastic look at her career with Charles Babbage. Its a pretty hefty book, so be prepared to spend some time with this one. Femme Magnifique: A Salute to 50 Magnificent Women edited by Shelly Bond (Black Crown September 4, 2018) Featuring contributors the likes of Kelly Sue DeConnick, Marguerite Sauvage, Ming Doyle, Sanford Greene, and Sonny Liew writing and illustrating mini biographies on Michelle Obama, Kate Bush, Sally Ride, Misty Copeland, Harriet Tubman, Rumiko Takahashi, and so many other phenomenal, women past and present! Pre-order this Kickstarter backed anthology of 50 inspiring, kick-ass dames now! Its due to hit shelves (and your hands!) in early September. MAI: A Graphic Novel by Sriram Jagannathan An inspiring story of 13-year-old  Malvika Iyer who lost both of her hands, and changed her familys life, when childhood curiosity go the better of her. The exploding grenade responsible for Iyers bilateral amputation hasnt hindered her drive or her spirit, however. Since that unfortunate day in her hometown in  Rajasthan, Iyer has gone on to become a motivational speaker, disability advocate, and a model for accessible fashion. Jagannathan does a great job of telling her life story (to date). Red Rosa: A Graphic Biography of Rosa Luxemburg by Kate Evans Socialist firebrand and revolutionary, Rosa Luxemburg is the subject of this powerful biography from Evans. Luxemburg is a controversial figure for historians and political analysts, simultaneously the darling of the far-left and ignored by them. Red Rosa is pro-Luxemburg but does a great job of trying to maintain a level of impartiality in regards to her story. This graphic biography is the perfect way to get (better) acquainted with this feminist, socialist, Jewish woman who lived and died ahead of her time. Memoir Persepolis Embroideries by Marjane Satrapi Satrapis Persepolis might be one of the most well-known works of graphic nonfiction available today. Satrapis memoir of her childhood in Iran during the Islamic Revolution of the late-1970s is a fantastic look at how the role of women in Iran changed dramatically and quickly. Embroideries is a more intimate exploration of Iranian woman and feminism. An afternoon with (all female) family and neighbors over coffee is recorded in these pages and topics range from divorce and arranged marriages, to the merit of European men over Middle Eastern men, to the pros and cons of embroideries (hymen repair). Satrapi offers no analysis of the opinions the women in her life offer upâ€"we get them raw and unadulterated. Are You My Mother? By Alison Bechdel Bechdel has no shortage of graphic nonfiction under her belt. Hell, she has an entire test for feminist merit named after her. (Its sad that the Bechdel test is really the bare minimum and the entertainment industry still fails to meet it even half the time, isnt it?) I chose Are You My Mother? not only because of the complex mother/daughter relationship, but because Bechdels mother is a woman restricted by her era. A woman who struggles with personal, sexual, creative, and maternal fulfillment. As women, we still struggle with all of these things. You should definitely check out Bechdels Fun Home and The Essential Dykes to Watch Out For, too! My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness by Kabi Nagata This memoir deals with the authors personal struggles coping with her eating disorder, mental health struggles, and burgeoning sexuality. Nagata doesnt pull any punches. This story is full of raw, unfiltered emotion. But if talking about mental health, sex workers, sexuality (queer and otherwise), and generally finding your way in the world as a female arent feminist topics, then I dont know what is. The Story of My Tits by Jennifer Hayden Breast cancer and the way we, as women, react to it, in a society that has only taught us our breasts are only good for mothering and sex appeal, has led to a slew of inspiring memoirs over the years. Haydens graphic memoir of her fraught relationship with her tits is equal parts laugh-out-loud and sweetly sentimental. As an inspiring memoir, this book stands strong, but it also sneaks in as a unique voice in the conversation over womens bodies. Who do we owe them to (Answer: NO ONE!) and what makes your tits, your tatas, your boobs, well, what makes them great? The answer to that one is more personal. The Best We Could Do: An Illustrated Memoir by Thi Bui Forced to flee her home with her family following the fall of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, Thi Buis life has long been an immigrant story. The Best We Could Do not only explores Buis history but also the intersection of her immigrant identity with her identity as a mother following the birth of her first child in 2005. This memoir touches on personal identity as affected by world politics, the definition of home, and the importance and meaning of family. It was nominated for multiple awards in 2017 for good reason. Dare to Disappoint: Growing Up in Turkey by Ozge Samanci The art style  in Samancis memoir reminds me fiercely of Le Petit Prince. Her childhood in Turkey on the Aegean coast is explored with love and fondness. Where I really related, as someone who came from a loving home, with parents who really did want to best for me, was with Samancis struggles to please everyone without losing herself. Women are conditioned to be the peacemakers, to make people smile, and we end up doing that at the cost of our own happiness too often. Pregnant Butch: Nine Long Months Spent in Drag by A.K. Summers I actually had the pleasure of meeting A.K. Summers when she did a reading of this book in Seattle a few years back! Summerss memoir of her pregnancy as a butch woman explores a lot of the ultra-feminine bias involved with motherhood. How should a mother look? How does society treat mothers that are other? This is a fantastic conversation starter for the next person who tries to tell you about pregnancy. Its your body and your experience will be unique and Summerss tale proves it. Essay The Big Feminist But: Comics about Women, Men and the IFs, ANDs BUTs of Feminism edited by Shannon O’Leary and Joan Reilly This collection of graphic essays straddles the line between social commentary and personal memoir in a lot of cases. Not always strictly nonfiction, but thats okay, life is rarely strictly one way or another. Every comic is a meditation on what feminism means to each artist. Featuring contributions from Charlie Jane Anders, Angie Wang, Emily Flake, Suzanne Kleid, and Hilary Florido among others. Interested in a fiction companion to this list? Check out our list of feminist-friendly comic books! Also In This Story Stream 9 Comics for DD, Tabletop RPG, and Fantasy Fans How To Support Webcomics Creators on Free Comic Book Day I Failed As A Webcomic Artist 5 Dos (and One Dont) for Free Comic Book Day Guide to Free Comic Book Day How Spider-Woman Made Me Feel Better About Motherhood The Best Comics We Read in April 2018 Upcoming Manga Releases of 2018 The 20 Stages of Your Comic Book Obsession 10 Murder Mystery Comics View all free comic book day 2018 posts--> Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Essay - 617 Words

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Many immigrants are moving to the United States in the early 1900’s with the hopes of living the â€Å"American Dream.† However, that glittering American lifestyle is merely a distant ideal for the immigrants living in Packingtown, the Lithuanian meatpacking district of Chicago. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle portrays life through the eyes of a poor workingman struggling to survive in this cruel environment, where the desire for profit among the capitalist meatpacking bosses and the criminals makes the lives of the working class a nearly unendurable struggle for survival. To begin, life among the working class sways with the corruption among the meatpacking bosses, or packers, and the criminals.†¦show more content†¦The packers and criminals have control of nearly everything in Packingtown including politics. As Jurgis eventually realizes, â€Å"... the packers had been equivalent to fate. ... They were a gigantic combination of capital, which had crushed all opposition, and overthrown the laws of the land, and was preying upon the people† (311). Mike Scully, a corrupt political boss, decides who will win local elections and the majority of the time the votes are supplied through one form of bribery or another and his candidate wins. Laws make no difference in Packingtown. Anyone of any importance pays a weekly bribe to their local policeman and gets to know their local judge as a personal friend. This is the reason that poor Jurgis is sent to jail for attacking the packer who raped his wife and told that it was his own fault and not that of the packer. Yet this is not punishment for Jurgis, to whom jail is a haven with food and warmth, but for his family, who are left to try and support themselves while Jurgis is unable to work. As Jurgis questions, â€Å"why could they find no better way to punish him than to leave three weak women and six helpless children to starve and freeze† (160)? Tamoszius, a friend of Jurgis’s explains the situation perfectly clearly, â€Å"[the company is] owned by a man who was trying to make as much money out of it as he could, and did not care in the least how he did it; and underneath him, ranged in ranks and grades like an army, were managers andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Upton Sinclairs The Jungle1121 Words   |  5 PagesUpton Sinclairs The Jungle Jurgis Rudkus and Ona Lukoszaite open the novel of The Jungle with a celebration of their wedding. The opening of the book highlights the best time that Jurgis and Ona will ever again experience during their stay in America. Jurgis is convinced that he can accomplish the American Dream, gaining prosperity from hard work and dedication. However, as the novel progresses, we soon see that this dream that Jurgis had is much farther away than he anticipated, and prosperityRead MoreThe American Dream In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle765 Words   |  4 Pagesare left to abandoned their families because they are not able support them financially. One textual example that portrays this struggle is Upton Sinclair’s novel, â€Å"The Jungle†. The Jungle provides the reader with insight of how the businesses took control of the average workers life, and the working conditions were horrible while the wages were low. The Jungle begins with a story of a group of Lithuanian immigrants who move to America leaving behind their loved ones in hopes of better life in AmericaRead MoreThe American Dream In The Jungle By Upton Sinclairs The Jungle756 Words   |  4 Pageshard work and determination. This popular idea is what made America so appealing to foreigners, and immigrants alike. Which is why so many immigrants moved to America; to achieve their version of the â€Å"American Dream†. However, from reading, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, this was not the case. Many immigrants that moved to America wishing to fulfill the â€Å"American Dream† of happiness and prosperity in the early 1900s, came to the realization that the â€Å"American Dream† was indeed nothing more than an ideaRead MoreIs Upton Sinclairs The Jungle a Primary Source?837 Words   |  3 Pages The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair shows a vivid description of life and the living condition in the meat and other industry around Chicago. The Jungle is full of examples of historical content about profit, corruption, and condition making it a good primary source. To determine whether a book is a primary source or a secondary source, a person needs to know what a primary and secondary source is. First, a primary source, define by Princeton, â€Å"is a document or physical object which was writtenRead MoreSocialism And Capitalism In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle1003 Words   |  5 PagesUpton SInclair’s novel, The Jungle, is a novel based on the â€Å"Gilded Age† in american history. It is the life of a working man named Jurgis Rudkus and as the story progresses, it shows the corruption and dishonesty of the people during this time period, as well as their reasoning behind their actions. Also as the novel continued, it showed the authors inspiration for the title of this novel. Throughout the book, Upton Sinclair had scattered metaphors as to why Capitalism is corrupt and why SocialismRead MoreCommentary on Capitalism in Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle544 Words   |  2 PagesUpton Sinclair’s â€Å"The Jungle† is a gritty peer into the hopelessly empty heart of capitalism and the true dark nature of the consumer life style. The gruesome food facts and quality issues may have gotten most of the public’s attention but the stories heart is in the exposed untold truths about life in America and the plan evil nature of capitalism. Despite Mr. Sinclair’s efforts most of capitalisms short falls still exist and are more detrimental to the survival of the world and humane race thenRead MoreSocialism And Capitalism In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle876 Words   |  4 Pages Capitalism can become corrupt. This is exactly what Upton Sinclair is trying to argue in his novel, The Jungle. Sinclair makes a strong case for Socialism, describing why capitalism is bound to fail. Instead of having the desired effect of making the world aware of Socialism, his tactics of muckraking and yellow journalism to expose the conditions in the meatpacking facilities took the world by storm. Sinclairâ₠¬â„¢s vivid depictions of life in the Chicago stockyard changed the world in 1906, butRead More Upton Sinclairs Purpose in Writing The Jungle Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesUpton Sinclairs Purpose in Writing The Jungle Upton Sinclair wrote this book for a couple of reasons. First and foremost, he tries to awaken the reader to the terrible living conditions of immigrants in the cities around the turn of the century. Chicago has the most potent examples of these conditions. Secondly, he attempts to show the advantages of socialism in helping to remedy the problems of a society such as the one that exists in Chicago at this time. Sinclair accomplishesRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of The Family In Upton Sinclairs The Jungle?961 Words   |  4 Pages1900s there were already more than 10 million immigrants living in America. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle reveals the struggles and hardships of a family that immigrates to the United States from Lithuania during the 1900s. Although many immigrant families came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic systemRead MoreClose to the Edge: Analysis of Upton Sinclairs The Jungle1534 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Close To The Edge The title of Upton Sinclairs genre defining novel regarding the ills of immigration to the United States and the meat packing industry in the early 20th century, The Jungle, is anything but euphemistic. In the Chicago streets and suburbs that Sinclair depicts, there are a variety of predators (such as that exist in virtually any jungle). There are corrupt justice systems that prey on victims, corrupt employers that wantonly exploit their laborers (and even sexually assault them)

Lies Youve Been Told About Persuasive Essay Samples Elementary

Lies You've Been Told About Persuasive Essay Samples Elementary A Secret Weapon for Persuasive Essay Samples Elementary The audience for an assignment needs to be evident too. There's almost always a very clear purpose for writing. Also, do not forget that you'll have to present some factual evidence for your opinion (after all, any academic paper ought to be supported by academically recognized sources), therefore do not go for subjects which are purely opinionated and don't have any possibility of justification. Of your opportunities to compose my assignment guidelines. Persuasive essay samples which you will find today on the blog support the notion of high-school students wearing uniform, however in case you use our custom-writing services that you can get a sample of persuasive essay that argues against the topic. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's crucial to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the specific area of study. You will then have to approach the subject by gathering, generating, and evaluating credible sources to back up your evidence. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to prevent low high quality services. Whatever They Told You About Persuasive Essay Samples Elementary Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Most academic essay topics usually ask you to choose a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. This essay will end up being 300 to 600 words, so in the event you pick solid examples and make certa in you are very clear in your explanations of things, it won't difficult to reach. A number of the essays ask you to describe what's happening and a number of them are about why it's happening. Many people have a tendency to compose weak arguments due to the fact that they don't know how to compose a compelling argument. You can't control anybody's opinion, and everyone is eligible to make their own choices, even if it has to do with smoking. Choose from popular topics that folks are passionate about. Keep in mind your evidence must attract reason. Getting the Best Persuasive Essay Samples Elementary Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. Writing with the teacher creating the essay. The cost of an essay rides on the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. The essay writer till you have to have been labeled. You have to find the most suitable resources for your essay together with patience when finding the correct inspiration to write. The greatest persuasive short essays often concentrate on controversial problems. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you may wish to argue is a great start. If you're thinking that you require a person to compose my essay at this time, you can just rely on our honest reviews. At length, if you are going to write and essay but have very little knowledge or interest in the topic, remember there are lots of custom essay writers which will gladly do the task for you. If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a number of essential factors which you can learn that could help you compose a superior argumentative essay. As you already see from the above mentioned persuasive essay samples, these forms of papers can be quite different. As a paper are many authors. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you want. Want to compose my paper wouldn't only from our write college. When you're in high school, it's definite that you're expected to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. Then you're interested in figuring out how to compose persuasive paper. Building a commercial as a project for Spanish class is most likely one of the most difficult assignments that you could give to your students. Students return late to class, there's insufficient room for everybody, and speedy food is extremely unhealthy.

Draft for Statement of Purpose Free Essays

I would like to begin by discussing the core values and ethical principles of Social Work. I came across the core values, according to the National Association of Social Work (NASW), associated with the social work profession, and I discovered the basic values which were listed were also ethical and moral values that I personally would consider as among the most important to consider as a social worker. We will write a custom essay sample on Draft for Statement of Purpose or any similar topic only for you Order Now The NASW listed six core values which included service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, integrity, and competence. I would like to discuss each in further detail beginning with service. The type of service provided by the social worker is highly important and can make a huge impact as to whether there will be a successful outcome or not. The goal in the service provided by a social worker is to do all that is possible to help the individual(s) who are in need and to concentrate on the social problems that exist. It is important to go above and beyond, putting others in front of yourself, and provide the best service. In order to help those in need, a social worker must use their expertise, veneration, and experience as well as focus on the social problems at hand. In fact, social workers are encouraged to volunteer their knowledge and expertise at times provides services with absolutely no intention of receiving anything in return. I personally feel that although there may not be any financial compensation, just the fact that you could apply your skills and knowledge to help an individual, or individuals, is an even greater reward. Another core value is social justice, which refers to the idea of helping people realize that there are ways to improve certain types of living situations. The responsibility as a social worker is to always oppose and develop ways to change social injustice. Examples of different forms of social injustice include situations such as poverty, unemployment, discrimination, etc. As a social worker, attempts to assist individuals, families, or groups who are particularly vulnerable such forms of social injustice, providing them with the resources and information available as to what options they may have to change their situation, while allowing them to see that, no matter what cultural or ethnic diversity, you are nonjudgmental, knowledgeable, understanding, and sensitive to their situation and will be there to help every step of the way. These are the actions of a truly sincere social worker as they all should be. The dignity and worth of the person is another core value which is also extremely important being a social worker. It is essential as a social worker to always have respect for the innate virtues, significance and self-worth of every person, treating each and every individual equally. However, it is a social workers job to take into account and be familiar with the cultural and ethnic diversity of a particular individual(s) in order to provide the best plan of care. As a social worker, it is important to allow the clients’ to assess their social situation and their aptitude to promote change while assisting them by devising a plan which is significant to the clients’ individual needs. Another core value expressed by the NASW is the importance of human relationships. All people rely on other individuals for acceptance and as a support system when going through difficult times, or when having to make important decisions. As humans, we look for that support from other, therefore, social workers welcome the idea of other people being important factors to the healing, or helping, process of an individual(s). Social workers have realized the importance of developing stronger relationships between people to create a positive outcome and strengthen the well-being of individuals, families, social groups, organizations, as well as communities. The next core value, which I personally have always lived by in my own life, is integrity. A social worker should always act in a trustworthy manner in all situations and to always be aware of and remember the mission of the profession, the values expected to uphold, and those ethical principles and standards associated with the social work profession as a whole. They should continue to practice honesty and be responsible of upholding those ethical practices within the organizations they are affiliated with. Competence is the final core value discussed. A social worker should have the knowledge, resourcefulness, and dexterity to perform the job correctly while always continuing to improve their area of competence as well as strengthen and improve their abilities as a social worker. There is always new knowledge available which can help improve your skills as a social worker. I believe it is the responsibility of a good social worker to always be aware of any new information, theories, and research studies because there is always room for improvement and the more skillful and knowledgeable you are, the better work you can do to really help clients and society as a whole. I would now like to take this opportunity to discuss social work on a much more personal level, as it means to me. When I first began high school, I knew without a doubt that this type of work was what I wanted to do and what I wanted to major in when I went to college. I began with psychology because I was intrigued by questions such as why we think the way we do, or what makes one person turn out this way or think a certain way while the next person can behave completely different. The human brain and how it functioned, in general, was something I was completely fascinated by. And I still love psychology and everything about it, however, throughtout the years, I discovered my passion for wanting to help people in whatever way I could. Although my work experience included many very different types of work, I noticed one commonality between them all which was interacting with people, and helping people in some form or another, and it was something I really loved doing and was remarkably good at it as well. Helping someone who was upset or angry and seeing them walk away with a smile and a whole new attitude made my day. In fact, I will find myself shopping in Wal-Mart and end up helping a complete stranger locate something they were looking for or even assist them in choosing which gift to purchase for a loved one. I realized that helping people just comes naturally to me. Even in my personal life, I was always the honest, trustworthy, and caring friend that my friends would come to when they needed help. My point is that my own morals, values, and beliefs which I live by and grew up with go hand in hand with those six core values every social worker should possess. This is why I decided that returning to school to obtain my master’s in social work was a much better fit for me that simply receiving a master’s in psychology. A career in social work is exactly what I would love doing for a living. When it came time to choose a concentration, I had to make a choice between mental health and family and children services. I once again looked at my own life. I have always had an interest in all areas of mental health. I have seen family members fighting addiction. I personally fought with anxiety, panic attacks, and depression after my son passed away from SIDS the day he made three months old as well as my battle with ADD when I was a child. When I was a teenager, I became very close to this wonderful family whose youngest daughter had been diagnosed with Down syndrome. Her name was Amy and although we were the same age, her mentality was that of about a ten year old. Amy and I became very close and spent a lot of time together for many years. We would go to all sorts of things together but quite often we would attend events where there would be many other children and adults with a variety of mental disabilities. I was fortunate enough to meet many of these individuals and their families as well and learned a lot about the many different mental handicaps. These opportunities increased my knowledge and curiosity as well. Therefore, due to my own life experiences, I have decided to concentrate in mental health. As an undergraduate at Southeastern Louisiana University, I learned a lot as far as my academic capabilities. Throughout high school, I never had to actually study or even really try very hard at all to maintain honor roll and stay in Beta Club so it took me awhile to adjust once I started college. I had to learn the best way for me to study and manage my time. Another hard lesson which I wish I would have picked up on much sooner was just how important those â€Å"A’s† were to my GPA. Although I figured it all out, my regret was that if I would have learned just a bit sooner my final GPA of 2. 895 would have been much, much higher! My strength academically is my love of knowledge and learning new things. I just can never get enough of that. I am so excited about the opportunity to attend USC to obtain my master’s in social work. After speaking with a few people who told just how great of a school I would be attending made me even more confident that I made the right decision when choosing which online university to attend. I know I made the right choice for my future and am looking forward to not only beginning my classes but also knowing that this is the beginning of the career I have been wanting for some time now. How to cite Draft for Statement of Purpose, Papers

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies of McDonalds

Corporation that operates internationally – MacDonald’s McDonalds has spread widely all over the world through the many chains of restaurants it has. It owns the biggest fast food restaurant chain globally. Millions of customers go to McDonald’s hence increasing its sales revenue.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies of McDonalds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the US, it tops compared to other restaurants followed by Burger King and Wendy’s (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2013). In 2003, McDonald incurred losses that analysts associated with consumer behaviour. It failed to realize the changing needs of its customers and therefore it became less competitive. However, in 2009, it experienced a turn around and there was a boost in its sales. Strategy that led to merger or acquisition The reason behind the turnaround was its strategic leaders who decided to adjust its corporate-level strategy but improve its business-level strategy. McDonalds took a step of changing the value of its products and modifying their features rather than increasing the number of restaurants globally (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2013). It minimized its diversification by selling some of its chains. McDonald’s began to be attentive to its clients who wanted better and healthier products. In addition, it started training programs for its workers, added their opening hours, and upgraded their stores to attract the younger generation. It also introduced McCafe coffee bars in the United States in 2009. The coffee drinks add value to customers by offering quality drinks at prices less than what their competitors offer. The corporation is modifying its stores and looking forward to a global economic recovery by acquiring prime real estate in Europe.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company that does not operate internationally- Transfer Technology International Corporation Transfer Technology International Corporation is a U. S. based company dealing with giving maintenance services in regions that receive moderately high temperatures. An acquisition strategy will enable the company raise its revenue through acquiring of profitable firms in the maintenance industry. In addition, it will be in a position to develop a range of highly profitable businesses that render services throughout the year. Company to acquire – Royalty Lawn Royalty Lawn is a good target because its line of business is similar to Transfer Technology International Corporation. Royalty Lawn provides its services to more than four hundred customers. It has attained a notable growth rate since its foundation. A team of skilled and experienced leaders, who ensure that their customer service reputation is not tainted, leads Royal ty Company (Lovelock, 2007). The objective of this company is to ensure that their clients get services that they desire. They have done research on their clients and so they understand what their clients need and how their products can fit in within their home and business goals. This company is profitable because it has good market share and robust growth prospects. Why the company would be profitable The newly acquired corporation will help the existing corporation acquire resources that are impossible to get or manufacture internally because of cost factors. The synergies from the resources of the two companies will form more value (Hoffmann Schaper, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies of McDonalds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, this is a great opportunity for exchanging skills and expertise. The two companies will exchange useful inf ormation to develop new ideas. Behavioral uncertainty will be minimal through forming of control mechanisms and costly safeguards. This would lead to increased transaction costs and low economic efficiency. A solution for this would be acquisition, which would increase economic efficiency. Merging with a company will minimize the taxes, lead to diversification, and deal with competition appropriately (Lovelock, 2007). There will be achievement of economies of scale and there will be better control of patents and tax advantages. Corporation that operates internationally International Business-level strategy McDonald’s success relates to the business level strategies of differentiation and low-cost leadership application, with basis on the geographical structure. Its key strategy of retaining its top level was to maintain their key markets while still searching for other new markets. Through the geographical structure, McDonald’s was able to meet the needs of the local c ustomers as well as contribute to local development (Lovelock, 2007). A cost leadership/differentiation strategy focuses more on products that have undergone differentiation and products manufactured at low costs. A company uses it to design goods and services. This technique is able to satisfy the needs of a wider market or a smaller market. McDonald’s uses this strategy to meet the needs of the global market. McDonald’s have met two key objects of this technique, which is producing differentiated products and secondly, producing them at a lower cost.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This strategy has its risks in that if it cannot produce differentiated products at low costs then it stagnates, and with stagnation, there is no growth. A cost leadership/differentiation strategy is sometimes hard to execute McDonald’s business strategy has had a significant effect on environmental factors such as its rivals, social aspects, and the uncertainty condition. McDonald has experienced a threat from rivals because it could not modify its food products according to the changing needs of its consumers (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2013). However, it made a turnaround by differentiating itself through creative ideas. For example, it permits its clients to use the internet through provision of wireless technology. McDonald’s has also used a strategy of focusing more on children. For instance, it has introduced computers with games made to trigger the kid’s creativity and defining their personal traits. McDonalds chose to focus on kids because the highest sa les were to kids, focusing on children would encourage the whole family to go to MacDonald’s hence high chances for more sales, and finally developing a loyalty with children would establish a lasting legacy for future business. International Corporate-level strategy McDonalds have used the transnational strategy where they have applied both low-cost and domestic responsiveness at the same time to market their products and services. This strategy requires a creative method in order to control the manufacturing and marketing of the goods. This strategy is most effective because it is the only workable technique in the international market, which is very competitive (Hoffmann Schaper, 2001). The international strategy form value by taking products and services to international markets where they are nonexistence. This is an easy strategy in that the international corporation provides standardized products and services in different parts of the world, without differentiating th e products. McDonald’s has introduced a McCafe menu in addition to their standard menu. They have expanded their businesses by focusing on coffee-espresso industry alongside the fast food restaurants. As a result, they have increased their rivals such as Starbucks, which were not there before (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2013). Recommendations for improvement McDonalds should consider introducing international flavors in its food in the USA. The new menu should satisfy the need for healthier foods by offering salads and more meals that are chicken and other varieties. McDonalds should differentiate its food products so that they include flavors from India and Russia to satisfy the changing demands of their clients. In addition, they should consider strategic alliances with other businesses found in other countries. This alliance would be important because they could enhance their organizational capabilities and therefore acquire competitive advantage especially in the global ma rket. They could achieve this by working to have entrance to new markets, which would be easy for the local business because they know about the culture of the people and understand the local market (Hoffmann Schaper, 2001). Through strategic alliances, MacDonald’s would form a network of beneficial links, which would allow them do well and increase their sales. Corporation that does not operate internationally Business-level strategy Business-level strategy proposal for Transfer Technology International Corporation would be the differentiation strategy. In this technique, the corporation will focus on improving the value of their products so that they satisfy the demands of their customers. This company will accomplish this by modifying their designs, adding new features, enhanced branding and improved after sale services. A differentiation strategy will help the corporation to get a competitive advantage therefore gaining control of the consumer demand. For example, it can improve the value of a product by doing a study to know what the customer wants though marketing. This will help the company produce products that precisely match the consumer wants (Hoffmann Schaper, 2001). Secondly, an after sale service forms an opinion of advanced differentiation in the thoughts of the consumers by answering customers’ questions and helping them with their purchased products. This would raise the value that clients associate with the company’s products and therefore the cost of each product. Differentiation will make the company realize more profits because of the high demand due to successful differentiation, which will allow the corporation to utilize its assets more expeditiously and therefore experience reduced costs from scale of economies (Hoffmann Schaper, 2001). Productive differentiation enables a corporation to retain prices at a constant level or maybe rise slightly. Increase sales, and increase productivity through scales of economie s. At the end, this company will achieve its objectives by increasing their sales and accelerating profit growth. Corporate-level strategy The diversification strategy is a good proposal for Transfer Technology International Corporation. The strategy of the company will be to venture into other businesses that may have similarities with the original business or they may not have a relationship. With successful diversification, the corporation will be able to improve the productivity of one or more businesses, which would not be the case if the corporation were independent. This corporation will improve the productivity of each business by leveraging valuable skills, experience, and utilizing them to the new businesses (Hoffmann Schaper, 2001). In addition, this company will be in a position to improve productivity by achieving economies of scope. This implies that the company will experience low costs because there is a distribution of expenses across the businesses. Therefore, the corporation will incur less expenses and experience greater profits than companies with no potential to share available resources. Diversification will also enhance the productivity of this corporation through superior internal governance shills (Lovelock, 2007). This occurs when superior managers set high standards of productivity from the other businesses that are part of the corporation. Superior managers can achieve this by giving incentives to managers and employees who perform well, choosing managers with experience and training them, helping managers detect issues in their businesses and discover solutions to them, setting high standards of performance each business and giving this responsibility to managers. Reference List Hitt, A., Ireland, D., Hoskisson, E. (2013). Strategic management: Concepts and cases: Competiveness and globalization. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Hoffmann, W. Schaper W. (2001). Acquire or Ally? A Strategy Framework for Deciding Between Acquisition and Cooperation. Journal of Management International Review, 41(1), 131-159. Lovelock H. (2007). Developing marketing strategies for transnational service operations. Massachusetts, USA: Lovelock Associates This research paper on Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies of McDonalds was written and submitted by user Kiara Fowler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparing the Female Pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read

Comparing the Female Pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read During the Golden Age of Piracy (1700–1725), legendary pirates like Blackbeard, Bartholomew Roberts, and Charles Vane commanded mighty ships, terrorizing any merchant unfortunate enough to cross their path. Yet two of the most famous pirates from this age served on a third-rate pirate ship under a second-rate captain, and they never held an important position on board such as quartermaster or boatswain. They were Anne Bonny and Mary Read: bold women who left behind the stereotypical domestic chores of women at the time in favor of a life of adventure on the high seas. Here, we separate fact from myth in regards to two of historys greatest swashbucklerettes. They Were Both Raised as Boys Mary Read was born into complicated circumstances. Her mother married a sailor and they had a son. The sailor was lost at sea about the time Mary’s mother found herself pregnant with Mary, by another man. The boy, Mary’s half-brother, died when Mary was very little. The sailor’s family did not know about Mary, so her mother dressed her as a boy and passed her off as her dead half-brother in order to get financial support from her mother-in-law. Apparently, the scheme worked, at least for a while. Anne Bonny was born out of wedlock to a lawyer and his maid. He grew fond of the girl and wished to bring her into his home, but everyone in town knew he had an illegitimate daughter. Therefore, he dressed her as a boy and passed her off as the son of some distant relations. Bonny and Read may have been in a somewhat precarious situation- two women on board a pirate ship- but pity the fool who tried to take advantage of them. Before turning pirate, Read, dressed as a man, served as a soldier in an infantry regiment and once she became a pirate she was not afraid of accepting (and winning) duels with other pirates. Bonny was described as â€Å"robust† and, according to one of her shipmates, Captain Charles Johnson, she once badly beat a would-be rapist: â€Å"†¦once, when a young Fellow would have lain with her, against her Will, she beat him so, that he lay ill of it a considerable Time.† Piracy as a Womans Career If Bonny and Read are any indications the pirate captains of the golden age were missing out by sticking to all-male crews. The two were every bit as good at fighting, manning the ship, drinking and cursing as any other member of the crew, and maybe better. One captive said of them that they â€Å"were both very profligate, cursing and swearing much, and very ready and willing to do anything on board.† Like most of the pirates of the era, Bonny and Read made the conscious decision to become pirates. Bonny, who was married and living in the Caribbean, decided to run off with Calico Jack Rackham and join his pirate crew. Read was captured by pirates and served with them for a while before accepting a pardon. She then joined an anti-pirate privateering expedition: the would-be pirate hunters, most of whom were former pirates themselves, soon mutinied and returned to their old ways. Read was one of those who actively convinced the others to take up piracy again. Although they’re arguably the most famous real-life female pirates, Anne Bonny and Mary Read are far from being the only women ever to take up piracy. The most notorious was Ching Shih (1775–1844), a one-time Chinese prostitute who became a pirate. At the height of her power, she commanded 1,800 ships and 80,000 pirates. Her rule of the seas off of China was nearly absolute. Grace O’Malley (1530?–1603) was a semi-legendary Irish chieftain and pirate. Working Together and on Crews According to Captain Johnson, who knew both Read and Bonny, the two met while both were serving on Calico Jack’s pirate ship. Both were disguised as men. Bonny became attracted to Read and revealed that she was really a woman. Read then also revealed herself to be a woman, much to Bonny’s disappointment. Calico Jack Rackham, Bonny’s lover, was allegedly very jealous of Bonny’s attraction to Read until he learned the truth, at which point he helped both of them cover up their real gender. Rackham may have been in on the ruse, but it apparently wasn’t much of a secret. At the trials of Rackham and his pirates, several witnesses came forth to testify against them. One such witness was Dorothy Thomas, who had been captured by Rackham’s crew and held as a prisoner for a time. According to Thomas, Bonny and Read dressed as men, fought with pistols and machetes like any other pirate and were twice as ruthless. She said that the women had wanted to murder Thomas to prevent her from eventually testifying against them. Thomas said she knew them at once to be women â€Å"by the largeness of their breasts.† Other captives said that although they dressed like men for battle, they dressed like women the rest of the time. They Didn’t Go Out Without a Fight Rackham and his crew had been active in piracy on and off since 1718 when in October of 1720, Rackham was discovered by pirate hunters led by Captain Jonathan Barnet. Barnet cornered them off the coast of Jamaica and in an exchange of cannon fire, Rackhams ship was disabled. While Rackham and the other pirates cowered below decks, Read and Bonny remained on the decks, fighting. They verbally berated the men for their spinelessness and Mary Read even fired a shot into the hold, killing one of the cowards. Later, in one of the most famous pirate quotes of all time, Bonny told Rackham in prison: Im sorry to see you here, but if you had fought like a man, you need not have hanged like a dog. They Escaped Hanging Because of Their â€Å"Condition† Rackham and his pirates were swiftly tried and found guilty. Most of them were hanged on Nov. 18, 1720. Bonny and Read were also sentenced to hang, but both of them declared they were pregnant. A judge ordered their claim checked out and it was found to be true, a fact which automatically commuted their death sentence. Read died in prison shortly thereafter, but Bonny survived. No one knows for sure what became of her and her child. Some say she reconciled with her rich father, some say she remarried and lived in Port Royal or Nassau. An Inspirational Tale The story of Anne Bonny and Mary Read has captivated people ever since their arrest. Captain Charles Johnson featured them prominently in his 1724 book,   A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most  notorious  Pyrates, which certainly helped his sales. Later on, the notion of female pirates as romantic figures gained traction. In 1728 (less than ten years after Bonny and Reads arrest), noted playwright John Gay wrote the Opera Polly, a sequel to his acclaimed Beggars Opera. In the opera, young Polly Peachum comes to the New World and takes up piracy as she searches for her husband. Female pirates have been part of romantic pirate lore ever since. Even modern fictional she-pirates like Angelica, played by Penelope Cruz in Pirates of the Caribbean: on Stranger Tides (2011) owe their existence to Read and Bonny. In fact, its safe to say that Bonny and Read have had a far greater impact on popular culture than they ever had on eighteenth-century shipping and commerce. Sources Cawthorne, Nigel. A History of Pirates: Blood and Thunder on the High Seas. Edison: Chartwell Books, 2005. Cordingly, David. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996 Defoe, Daniel. A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999. Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: Lyons Press, 2009 Rediker, Marcus. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004.

South Africas Black Consciousness Movement

South Africa's Black Consciousness Movement The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) was an influential student movement in the 1970s in Apartheid South Africa. The Black Consciousness Movement promoted a new identity and politics of racial solidarity  and became the voice and spirit of the anti-apartheid movement at a time when both the African National Congress and the Pan-Africanist Congress had been banned in the wake of the Sharpeville Massacre. The BCM reached its zenith in the Soweto Student Uprising of 1976  but declined quickly afterward. Rise of the Black Consciousness Movement The Black Consciousness Movement began in 1969 when African students walked out of the National Union of South African Students, which was multiracial but white-dominated, and founded the South African Students Organization (SASO). The SASO was an explicitly non-white organization open to students classified as African, Indian, or Coloured under Apartheid Law. It was to unify non-white students and provide a voice for their grievances, but the SASO spearheaded a movement that reached far beyond students. Three years later, in 1972, the leaders of this Black Consciousness Movement formed the Black People’s Convention (BPC) to reach out to and galvanize adults and non-students. Aims and Forerunners of the BCM Loosely speaking, the BCM aimed to unify and uplift non-white populations, but this meant excluding a previous ally, liberal anti-apartheid whites. As Steve Biko, the most prominent Black Consciousness leader, explained, when militant nationalists said that white people did not belong in South Africa, they meant that â€Å"we wanted to remove [the white man] from our table, strip the table of all trappings put on it by him, decorate it in true African style, settle down and then ask him to join us on our own terms if he liked.† The elements of Black pride and celebration of black culture linked the Black Consciousness Movement back to the writings of W. E. B. Du Bois, as well as the ideas of pan-Africanism and La Negritude movement. It also arose at the same time as the Black Power movement in the United States, and these movements inspired each other; Black Consciousness was both militant and avowedly non-violent. The Black Consciousness movement was also inspired by the success of the FRELIMO in Mozambique.   Soweto and the Afterlives of the BCM The exact connections between the Black Consciousness Movement and the Soweto Student Uprising are debated, but for the Apartheid government, the connections were clear enough. In the aftermath of Soweto, the Black People’s Convention and several other Black Consciousness movements were banned and their leadership arrested, many after being beaten and tortured, including Steve Biko who died in police custody. The BPC was partially resurrected in the Azania People’s Organization, which is still active in South African politics. Sources Steve, Biko, I Write What I like: Steve Biko. A Selection of his Writings, ed. by Aelred Stubbs, African Writers Series. (Cambridge: Proquest, 2005), 69.Desai, Ashwin, â€Å"Indian South Africans and the Black Consciousness Movement under Apartheid.† Diaspora Studies 8.1 (2015): 37-50.  Hirschmann, David. â€Å"The Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa.†Ã‚  The Journal of Modern African Studies. 28.1 (Mar., 1990): 1-22.

Critical Analysis of a Historical Science Assignment

Critical Analysis of a Historical Science - Assignment Example In DNA data is stored in codes consisting four chemical elements: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine(C) and thymine (T) (Watson, 2004). However, we realize that, in human beings, DNA consists of more than a billion elements, which are mostly similar in all humans. The order in which these elements appear determines the availability of elements to build and sustain a being. This can be likened to the order of letters that forms different words and sentences. The four DNA elements combine in a predetermined sequence, that is, A binds with T while C binds with G. This results in the arrangement of elements called base pairs. The ratio of adenine to thymine, and guanine to cytosine govern the pattern of DNA. Further, each element attaches itself to a sugar molecule and phosphate molecule to form a nucleotide. These nucleotides are then aligned in two strands to form a double helix, which is spiral in shape running in an anti-parallel manner. These arrangements are referred to as chromoso mes, which during the process of DNA replication, divide and are copied or replicated to develop more chromosomes. This results in all cells consisting enough chromosomes to support life fully. The key element of DNA is that it is capable of replicating itself to make millions of copies. A DNA strand in a double helix is the prototype for copying the series of bases. This is of paramount importance in cell division as the newly created cells need to obtain a similar DNA trait as the old cell. DNA together with macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are essential in the establishment and maintenance of any life form, RNA viruses being the exception. The genetic code is the system used in reading the material contained in DNA. The genetic code spells out plan of amino acids which form proteins in the body and is studied by replicating existing DNA strands to RNA acid. This is done through a process referred to as transcription. Beings such as animals, fungi and plan ts, also referred to as eukaryotic organisms gather their DNA in the nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplast of their cells. On the other hand, beings such as bacteria and other single celled organisms commonly referred to as prokaryotes collect their DNA in the cytoplasm. The organization and packing of DNA in cells is tasked upon alkaline based proteins referred to as chromatin. These proteins include histones. Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides help to stabilize DNA; however, we note that interfacing nucleobases in a process referred to as base-stacking is also essential in steadying the DNA helixes. There are two classes of nucleobases, these are: purines which are formed when A and G are combined in the ratio of five to six and pyrimidines formed when six C and T bases combine (Watson, 2004). Biotechnicians examine the characteristics if nuclear based acids through a technology referred to as nucleic acid analogues. These techniques are typically used by medical and biology resear chers. Furthermore, we note that the arrangement of DNA is referred to as sense which is copied to its RNA and, on the other hand, antisense is the term used to refer to the arrangement of DNA on the reverse side. However, it is common for both sense and antisense to appear in a single strand of DNA. RNA antisenses are churned out in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, these RNA antisenses are mandated with controlling gene expression in the process of RNA-RNA base pairing which is quite similar to the base pairing process in DNA

Case study analysis Nike sweatshops and business ehtics

Analysis Nike sweatshops and business ehtics - Case Study Example The sells a number of their products per year but the company lacks a production unit and thus contracts other companies to manufacture for them all around the world. It is estimated that over 900,000 million people are employed in these different companies around the world to produce Nike based products alone. A large number of these companies are based in Asian countries like Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Pakistan and Indonesia where critics have accused Nike to offer poor working condition for the workers as opposed to the United States’ labor laws. The company has been accused on several occasions for exploiting the sweatshop labors upon which its operations are based to increase their profitability while exploiting the locals and rewarding them poorly. Nike had total revenue of $16 billion in 2007, a slight improvement from what the company posted in the previous years. Introduction This paper provides a detailed case study of Nike sweat shops as they are curren tly operated and managed across the globe. As part of the analysis, the business model adopted by Nike shall be analyzed in this paper, providing a comparison with other business models that do exist. The core mission, values and visions of the company will also be discussed to ascertain their relevance in the progress of the company. This paper will adopt the five porter analysis technique to describe the strategic plans and approaches adopted by Nike sweatshops. Porter five force analyses is a framework developed to enable consultants conduct critical industry analysis and business strategy development. SWOT analysis of the company will also be conducted to help form a clear basis upon which their success and/or failure will be weighed. Ethical issues in Nike sweatshops have been a major topic both in the United States and in other countries where the company’s goods are manufactured. This case study will also seek to provide a detailed analysis of the ethical conduct and m isconduct of Nike sweatshop to ascertain the relevance of the claims. Finally, recommendations based on the results obtained from the analysis will be provided emphasizing on the legal requirements that guide such recommendations. Existing business model Business model provides an in-depth analysis of the practices of the business that seeks to create, deliver and capture value for the products being handled. In this section, the core operational aspects of the business, strategies employed organizational culture and structure and trading policies will be evaluated. The business model adopted by any organization contributed to a larger percentage its ability to succeed and deliver value to its consumers. Nike has a value proposition that translates into nothing is impossible if you put the right effort and practice into whatever you want to achieve. This has been a marketing strategy adopted by the company for long to enable it retain its sport consumers who require motivation in th eir daily endeavors. The creation of innovation and inspiration to all athletes in the world the company’s core target and this has enabled Nike to maintain its traditional customers in the sporting fraternity (Drago 117). Nike has for long adopted the franchising business model to enable it produce large volumes of products that can meet the demands of its large consumers spread across the world. Franchising is defined as a practice of using other

Supplier Selection Process in the Aerospace Sector

Supplier Selection Process in the Aerospace Sector Executive Summary The ever increasing competition in global markets today has led businesses and companies to find different methods for reducing production and manufacturing costs in order to maintain their competitive edge. The competition has no longer remained company to company but has become supply chain to supply chain. From a buyers perspective a qualified supplier is a key factor to reduce costs. Thus supplier selection and evaluation has gained vital importance in the supply chain management environment. It is extremely essential to develop a supplier selection model which is efficient, effective and considers all the aspects required by the company. A number of supplier selection methods are available in the current literature. Creating a model based on these methods that addresses the particular requirements of the company is vital. The following paper is in 5 sections. The literature review in the first section is on the various methods for supplier selection and evaluation. The following methods are reviewed. Mathematical Programming Data Envelopment Analysis Analytical Hierarchy Process Analytical Neural Network Fuzzy Set theory Along with the review of the methods a discussion on the evolution of supplier selection criteria is also included in the first section. In the second section, two existing supplier selection models in the aerospace sector have been critically reviewed. The description of the Aerospace industry and comparison between the two models is included in the third section. To determine the essential criteria to be included in the model and prioritizing them, the research methodology used was a survey design. The results of the survey are included in the fourth section. The fifth section contains recommendations for building a new model for supplier selection in the aerospace sector. Introduction One of the major topics discussed in most of the production and operations management literature is supplier selection and performance evaluation of suppliers. It is one of the most critical activities of firms due to the increasing significance of the purchasing function (De Boer et al., 2001). The main objective of a supplier selection process is to maximize overall value to the purchaser, reduce the purchase risk and develop a close and long term relationship between the buyer and supplier. Supplier selection is a multi-criterion decision making problem and a number of conflicting factors affect its outcome. The factors taken into consideration are wide ranged and are both quantitative as well as qualitative (Ho et al., 2009). Operational research offers a range of methods and techniques in the form of models which can support the supplier selection decision making. A number of supplier selection methods have been proposed such as data envelopment analysis (DEA), analytic hierarch y process (AHP), mathematical programming, fuzzy set theory and vague set theory, multi attribute rating systems etc. A literature review of international journal articles discussing different multi-criteria supplier selection methods is carried out in this paper. The methods that are prevalently applied in practice, the priority of the evaluating criteria and evolution of selection criteria are also discussed and reviewed. The aim of this paper is to carry out a literature review of the various methods and criteria for supplier selection available in the current literature, in order to produce a set of recommendations for building a new model for the supplier selection process in the aerospace sector. To achieve this, two supplier selection models were critically reviewed, one of which is currently implemented in an aerospace industry and the other one is a theoretical model. A survey on global sourcing and supplier selection process containing 25 questions on various aspects of st rategic sourcing was also carried out in order to identify the different characteristics that influence sourcing decisions. Supplier selection methods: Supplier selection methods or techniques are the models which are used by decision makers to conduct the supplier selection process. They act as supporting tools for the selection process. The selection of an appropriate method is essential for the overall selection process and can significantly influence the outcome of the selection results (Li et al., 1997). There are number of supplier selection methods available in the literatures. Mathematical Programming (MP): MP allows the formulation of the decision problem in the form of a mathematical objective function which needs to be minimised or maximised depending on the objective function by varying the values of the variables. It is an optimization method which selects a number of suppliers in order to maximize either a single criteria or multi criteria objective function subjected to supplier or buyer constraints (DeBoer et al., 2001). Talluri and Narasimhan (2003) used mathematical programming in the form of a linear programming model to first minimise and then maximise the performance of the suppliers against the best target measures set by the buyers, thus providing a wide-ranging understanding of supplier performance. The authors applied this model considering a set of six suppliers to a Fortune 500 Pharmaceutical company in the process of implementing a JIT system. They regarded price, quality and delivery as the top three criteria for evaluating the suppliers. One of the key features of this max-min approach was that it could identify a set of suppliers with identical characteristics, thus providing the buyer with effective alternates to make their final decision. For the supplier selection problem Ng (2008) developed a weighted linear programming model with an objective function of maximizing supplier score. He implemented the model considering 18 suppliers to a manufacturing firm producing agriculture and c onstruction equipment. He included five criteria namely quality, supply variety, delivery, distance and price. In order to maximise the revenue function Hong et al. (2005) developed a mixed integer linear model to optimize the number of suppliers and order quantity. He applied the model to the supply chain of the agriculture industry in Korea as the customer demand varied seasonally over a period of time. Similarly OBrien et al. (2001) created a mixed integer non-linear model to optimize the allocation of products to suppliers thus minimizing the annual purchasing costs. Narasimhan et al. (2006) and Wadwa et al. (2007) constructed theoretical multi-objective programming models to optimize supplier selection and order quantity and to minimise lead time, price and number of rejects. Karpak et al. (1999) constructed a goal programming model and applied it to an international manufacturing firm to minimise costs and maximise quality and delivery reliability for selection of suppliers an d allocation of products between them. The authors considered cost, quality and delivery reliability as the criteria for supplier evaluation. On one hand Mathematical programming is advantageous as compared to the other approaches as it takes into account all the constraints during the formulation of the problem. Hence it is much easier to work when a large number of constraints are considered. It can also be used for multiple supplier selection as the current situation can be taken into account in an MP model. On the other hand some of the drawbacks of using an MP model are that it often only considers the more quantitative criteria neglecting the qualitative criteria which are important in supplier selection especially when the goal is to build supplier partnership. Most of the theoretical MP models are complicated to build for the supplier selection problem, due to the large number of variables, but as it can be seen from the above mentioned examples, they can be implemented in an industry as they can be simulated and solved by computers. They are not considered as the most effective method for vendor evaluation as they do not take into account qualitative factors and are incapable of performing a qualitative analysis which is an important aspect of the supplier selection process, thus limiting their use. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): The concept of DEA is constructed on the basis of calculating the efficiency of the decision alternatives or suppliers. The DEA is a non-parametric method the measures the efficiency without specifying the form of the production function or the weights of different inputs and outputs. The efficiencies are evaluated on the basis of benefits as output and cost as the input criteria (DeBoer et al., 2001). The efficiency of a supplier can be defined as the ratio of the weighted sum of the suppliers outputs to the weighted sum of his inputs, thus the DEA method calculates the most favourable set of weights for each supplier alternative classifying them into efficient and inefficient suppliers. The favourable set of weights that are calculated maximise the supplier efficiency ratings without altering its own rating or making the other suppliers efficiency ratings more than one (DeBoer et al., 2001). In order to measure the efficiency of alternative suppliers Braglia and Petroni (2000) applied the DEA method by proposing nine evaluating factors to measure the supplier ratings. The authors applied their proposed methodology to the supplier selection process of a middle-sized company manufacturing bottling machinery to test its efficiency. They also calculated the Cross efficiencies in which the weights chosen for a particular supplier can be applied to the weights of the inputs and outputs of the other suppliers as well as Maverick index which is the percentage relative difference between cross efficiency and simple efficiency in order to avoid the selection of false positive supplier. Talluri and Barker (2002) and Talluri and Sarkis (2002) applied DEA to evaluate suppliers, manufacturers and distributors as a three phase approach for a logistics distribution network. They also employed the DEA to measure the performance of the suppliers using six evaluating factors having two inp uts and four outputs. Ross et al. (2006) evaluated the supplier performance with respect to the performance attributes of both buyer and supplier by using DEA. The author carried out three sensitivity analysis; the first one computed supplier efficiency scores without taking into account the evaluation teams and the buyers weights. The second analysis considered the evaluation taking into account the teams preferences and the third analysis considered the buyers preference. Liu et al. (2000) constructed a DEA model to evaluate the overall performance of a supplier considering three inputs namely price index, delivery performance and distance factor and two outputs which were supply variety and quality. The authors applied the DEA model to a firm manufacturing agriculture and construction equipment containing a multi modal assembly line. The model could select suppliers with a high supply variety, thus reducing the number of suppliers. Seydel et al. (2006) developed a DEA model to evaluate technology suppliers considering three factors. He included amount of know-how transfer as a qualitative factor in the model. The author developed a five point scale to rank the suppliers in term of the qualitative factor. The DEA method provides a means to evaluate and select suppliers on the basis of their performance over a period of time. It compares supplier performance in a multi criterion setting thus allowing the purchasing firm to evaluate each suppliers performance relative to the performance of the best supplier in the market by calculating the efficiency measures. Observed supplier performance data is used in a DEA method, thus the purchasing firm does not have to calculate its own utility functions as is required in the other techniques. Some of the limitations of the DEA approach are that its focus is not on selection an optimal supplier as the other mathematical programming models; hence it cannot be used if the purchasing firm requires the selection of an optimal supplier. The DEA model also makes some assumptions like any other supplier selection model thus limiting its use. (Garfamy et al., 2006) Evolution of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP): Linear Weighting Model: Weights are assigned to the criteria with the largest weight corresponding to the highest priority, in a linear weighted model. The ratings of the criteria are then multiplied with their respective weights and the sum of weights is assigned to each supplier, thus the supplier with the highest overall rating can be selected. There are a few imprecisions in the rating mechanism such as difficulty to determine the score of a supplier on a criterion or importance of some criterion with a high degree of precision. To overcome these imprecisions the use of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was proposed (DeBoer et al., 2001). Analytic Hierarchy Process: The AHP is a decision making method first introduced by Saaty (1980) which prioritizes alternatives or suppliers when considering multiple criteria, thus allowing the decision maker to restructure complex problems in the form of a set of integrated levels or a hierarchy. It is one of the most commonly applied methods in practice as it incorporates qualitative as well as quantitative criteria and is relatively simple to understand. Various adaptations of AHP have been developed since its introduction. Muralidharan et al. (2002) developed an AHP model consisting of five stages to rate and select suppliers considering nine criteria. Some of the major criteria that the author considered were quality, delivery, price and technical ability. The model was then applied to the supplier selection process to evaluate six suppliers of a leading organization manufacturing bicycles. Liu and Hai (2005) created an AHP model and used Noguchis voting and ranking system thus allowing each manager to determine the order of criteria instead of weights for the selection and evaluation of suppliers. They used a six step process for supplier evaluation and considered eight criteria in their analysis, some of them being quality, responsiveness, delivery, technical capabilities etc. The authors applied this model for selecting one of ten suppliers for the Umbrella Scheme of Malaysias furniture industry. Chan and Chan (2004) constructed an AHP model considering six criteria namely cost, delivery, flexibility, innovation, quality and service with twenty sub-factors among them. They applied the model to the supplier selection process of a leading company that manufactures and supplies semiconductor assembly equipment assuming that the supplier had to be chosen for a critical product. The relative priority ratings were calculated based on customer or buyer requirements. Hou et al (2007) developed a decision support system based on AHP in a mass customization environment considering internal and external factors to meet market requirements. The author applied the model to the selection process of a subsidiary company of a local Chinese printer manufacturer. Chan (2003) created an AHP based interactive selection model which determined the relative importance of evaluating criteria without being subjected to human judgment. The AHP model can also be integrated with other supplier selection models in order to achieve optimized selection results. Ramanathan (2007) suggested that the qualitative and quantitative information gained from the total cost of ownership model and AHP model can be utilized to evaluate the performance of a supplier using the DEA method. The author considered the costs from total cost of ownership as inputs and the weights gained from the AHP method as outputs. Sevkle et al. (2007) applied the AHP-DEA integrated method to solve the supplier selection problem of a major Turkish TV manufacturer BEKO, in which he used AHP to derive local weights from a given comparison matrix and summed up the local weights to get the overall weights. In order to calculate the efficiency scores of all the suppliers DEA was used on the decision making units. Percin (2006) applied integrated AHP-GP method, where AHP was used to measure the priority weightings of alternate suppliers considering twenty evaluating factors. The author used the weightings obtained by AHP Goal programming method as the coefficients for five object ive functions. The integrated model was used to optimize the order quantity from the most appropriate supplier considering the capacities of the suppliers. Mendoza et al. (2008) offered an integrated AHP- GP model in order to reduce a large number of potential suppliers to a manageable figure. He ranked the alternatives considering five evaluating criteria to optimize the order quantity. Xia and Wu (2007) applied the AHP model to calculate the performance scores of potential suppliers. The authors then applied the scores as coefficients of one of the four objective functions in a multi-objective mixed integer programming model. The model was developed in order to determine the optimal number of suppliers and to select the best set of suppliers. Some of the advantages of AHP method are as follows (Chan et al., 2003) The system can be represented in a hierarchical manner to explain the changes in priority and its effect at upper and lower levels. The desired performance of the supplier is characterized by hierarchical selection criteria viz. the management of the suppliers is better if the suppliers performance is evident to the buyer. It utilizes multiple paired comparisons of criteria to rank order alternatives and it is the most exceptional Multi-criterion decision making approach. Efficiently progresses through modular construction and final assembly of modules than those assembled as a whole, this is known as hierarchical assembly of natural systems. Identifies the key elements assisting in making more accurate business decisions and is a structured method which obtains information from target respondents (decision makers or experts). It provides information regarding the structure and function of a system in the lower levels of the hierarchy and gives the outline of the criteria and their purposes in the upper levels. Limitations on the elements in a level are best denoted in the next higher level to ensure they are satisfied. It has stability and flexibility, stability as small changes have small effects and flexible in the sense that the performance is not hampered if there are any additions to a well structured hierarchy Disadvantages: (Chan et al., 2003) Most of the supplier selection problems do not have a single hierarchy. Utilization of this statistical method is complicated for most of the users and this makes the process unmanageable. It is not cost effective to procure the essential information i.e. due to lack of information /willingness to compare two alternatives with respect to some criterion the supposition of comparability is invalid. To reach an agreement with the team members by reviewing the models is time consuming. The presumption that the relative importance of criteria affects the suppliers performance is definite which cannot effectively take into account the risk and uncertainty in assessment of suppliers potential performance. Analytic network process (ANP): Sarkis and Talluri (2000) suggested the use of analytic network process, which was a more sophisticated version of the AHP method. The authors believed that the supplier evaluating factors could influence each other and this interdependency needed to be considered in the process. They applied the ANP process to evaluate and select suppliers in a company manufacturing custom-designed high technology metal-based products, considering organizational factors and strategic performance matrix. The model included seven evaluating criteria namely cost, quality, flexibility, delivery time etc. also considering their interdependencies. Bayazit (2006) implemented an ANP model considering ten evaluating criteria. Some of the important criteria included were on time delivery, quality, flexibility and delivery lead time. He classified the criteria into supplier performance and capabilities clusters and the interdependencies among them were formulated by considering each cluster as a controlling fa ctor for a pair wise comparison matrix. Demirtas and Ustun (2008) developed an integrated model in which they used ANP to evaluate the performance of potential suppliers considering 14 criteria. The weights were then considered in one of the three objective functions of a multi-objective mixed integer programming model. Similarly the authors integrated the ANP and the GP methods of supplier selection and evaluation in 2009. The only difference to the previous model was that there were four goals in the GP model. Gencer et al. (2007) developed ANP model considering various evaluating criteria. He classified them into three clusters to take into account their interrelationships to evaluate and select the most appropriate supplier. Some major advantages of ANP process over AHP are that ANP provides with additional insight as most of the real world supplier selection problems have interdependencies among the evaluating criteria. It also incorporates both qualitative as well as quantitative factors which are important in supplier selection. The ANP method can deal with various uncertainties and complexities as it makes use of ratio scales to incorporate a variety of interactions. In spite of the advantages, the ANP method does have a few limitations as it is a very complex method and requires additional effort and time as compared to AHP. Fuzzy Set Theory: The fuzzy set theory is used to model uncertainty and imprecision in the supplier selection situation. Fuzzy set systems make use of linguistic rules which are very well suited to describe the behavior of practical problems. In most of the real world applications, fuzzy rules are created by the decision makers with a few input variables. When the number of input variables increases, the possible number of fuzzy rules for a particular system increases exponentially. It is rather difficult for the decision maker to generate a complete set of rules to assess the supplier selection system (Chan et al., 2006). Chan et al. (2006) presented a hierarchy model based on the fuzzy set theory which could deal with both quantitative and qualitative criteria. The author used linguistic values to assess the ratings and the weights for the evaluation factors. The ratings were arranged in triangular fuzzy numbers. They created a hierarchical structure of the decision problem and applied the model to a high technology manufacturing company to select a suitable supplier to supply material for key components of a new product. Sarkar and Mohapatra (2006) used a fuzzy set method to eliminate the imprecision in a number of subjective characteristics of suppliers. The authors evaluated and selected the suppliers on the basis of performance and capabilities as the two major measures for evaluation. They considered a hypothetical case to exemplify their model by considering a pool of ten suppliers and the goal being to reduce that number and select the best two suppliers. Kahraman et al. (2003) applied the integrated fuzzy AHP approach to select the most appropriate supplier for the biggest white goods manufacture in Europe to supply the plastic part scroll housing for their new model of aspirators. In this model the decision makers could specify their preferences in terms of linguistic variables regarding the priority of each evaluating criteria. Chan and Kumar (2007) also applied a fuzzy AHP methodology for selection of suppliers. The authors used triangular fuzzy numbers and fuzzy synthetic extent analysis methods to choose the final priorities of different criteria. The authors applied the model to the supplier selection process of a manufacturing company to select the best global supplier for one of their critical parts used in the assembling process. The criteria considered in the model for evaluation were overall cost, quality of product, service performance, supplier profile and risk factors. Amid et al. (2006) formulated an integrated fuzzy multi-objective linear programming model which took into account the vagueness and imprecision of the input data in order to optimize the order quantity. The author developed an algorithm to solve the model which incorporated three objective functions with different weights. They considered a hypothetical case to select three suppliers for supplying a new product to a market. The purchasing criteria considered for the model were net price, quality, service and capacity. The author also formulated a fuzzy multi-objective mixed integer programming model which was similar to the earlier model but it also took into account the quantity discount. The price discount was directly proportional to the quantities ordered (Amid et al, 2006). One of the primary advantages of using fuzzy set theory for supplier selection is that it makes use of linguistic variables, which are highly beneficial when the performance values cannot be expresses in terms of means of the numerical values. Thus, taking into consideration the uncertainty and imprecision of the quantitative data gathered by the purchasing company or provided by the supplier. It is beneficial and easier to use linguistic variables instead of numerical values while assessing potential suppliers with respect to criteria and weights. A modified fuzzy set theory is capable of handling both qualitative as well as quantitative data ratings and is flexible in use, which is an added advantage (Chan et al, 2006). Some of the disadvantages of fuzzy set theory are that the analysis is based on the theory and not exploratory data; hence validation of the data may be required. It is a subjective methodology, thus justification for each step is necessary. As the number of variabl es increase the complexity increases, thus requiring a number of procedures in the sub-systems of the methodology. Other Methods: A number of other methodologies exist for the supplier selection problem such as artificial intelligence and expert systems which includes case based reasoning (Choy et al, 2005; 2002; Humphreys et al, 2003) and Bayesian belief networks (Kreng et al, 2003). Multi-criteria decision methods which include outranking methods (DeBoer et al, 1998; Dulmin et al, 2003), judgmental modeling (DaSilva et al., 2002; Naude and Lockett, 1993), interpretive structural modeling (Mandal and Deshmukh, 1994) and categorical methods (Houshyar and Lyth, 1992). Multivariate statistical analysis that incorporates structural equation modeling (Lin et al., 2005; Tracey and Tan, 2001), Factor analysis (Krause et al., 2001; Tracey and Tan, 2001) and confidence interval approach (Muralidharan et al., 2001). Group decision methods (Han and Ahn, 2005; Mandal and Deshmukh, 1994) and multiple integrated methods also exist for supplier selection. All the methods that are utilized for selections of suppliers have their own advantages and disadvantages. No method can be said to be the perfect method which covers all aspects of the entire selection process. Modifications and improvements can be made to every method in according to the requirements of the decision makers. The selection process can be improved by integrating different techniques in order to negate the limitations of the techniques taken individually. Considering this procedure, the fuzzy integrated AHP model and the DEA integrated ANN model are comparatively the best combination of methods that can be implemented for supplier selection. Supplier Selection Criteria: Evolution of supplier selection criteria: A number of criteria need to be considered for the supplier selection decision making process which makes the selection of suppliers a complicated practice. Since the early 1960s, practitioners and academics have been focusing on the analysis of supplier selection criteria and measurement of supplier performance. Dickson et al, (1966) suggested From the purchasing literature is fairly easy to abstract a list of at least 50 distinct factors that are presented by various authors as being meaningful to consider in a vendor selection decisionÂ?. In his work he carried out a survey to identify the most important criteria required for the selection of suppliers. The author came up with 23 criteria and their relative importance for vendor selection. The following table summarizes the 23 criteria and their level of importance. Weber et al. (1991) conducted a similar study on the bases of the 23 criteria identified by Dickson (1966). The authors reviewed and classified 74 related articles appearing between 1966 and 1990. Their study provided a clear indication of the issues concerning selection of suppliers. Both the studies indicated net price, quality, delivery and production facility and capacity as the top 4 criteria for supplier evaluation. These two studies were the primary studies done on supplier selection criteria and were the bases of a number of papers in the forthcoming years. A number of changes at a profound level have taken place in the business environment, including purchasing and procurement since Weber et al.s work in 1991. The basic definitions of Dicksons 23 criteria have undergone change and expansion and new criteria have emerged due to a substantial growth in business and supply chain needs. Dickson (1966) defined net price as price offered by each vendor including discounts and freight charges. In the development of the net price criteria, the term net price had been replacement by the term cost which includes a number of costs such as fixed cost, inventory costs, ordering costs, supplier costs and costs associated with quality, after-sales and technology (Current and Weber, 1994). The term total cost of ownership has also become important in recent times which include not only the purchasing price but also purchasing related costs (Bhutta et al, 2002). The delivery criterion was defined by Dickson (1966) as the ability of each vendor to meet specified delivery schedules. The delivery criterion has now been developed to incorporate lead time, cycle time, shipment quantity and quality, delivery capacity etc (Karpak et al, 1999). According to Dickson quality was defined as the ability of each vendor to meet quality specifications consistently. The quality criterion has now been extended to include inspections and certain specifications such as the ISO9001 system (Lee et al, 2003) In addition to the evolution and development of the basic criteria a number of new criteria have emerged in literature from various authors. Some of the new criteria are flexibility, which includes process and production flexibility, response to change, responsiveness to customer needs (Ghodsypour et al, 2001), flexibility to change the order and order quantity and ability to respond to fluctuating demand (Verma et al, 1998). A product design and development criterion consists of commitment to continuous improvement, product development and improvement, design capabilities and continuous improvement in product and process (Chan et al, 2003). Supplier relationship is another criterion that has gained importance in recent years due to integration of various sections of supply chain. Supplier relationship has two aspects, strategic and tactical. The criterion can be sub divided into 4 sections namely strategic long term relationship, tactical long term relationship, strategic short term relationship and tactical short term relationship. Due to the growth in the businesses, buying firms prefer to integrate the suppliers in their supply chain, thus forming a strategic long term alliance with their supplier