Innocence In The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger...

In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher In The Rye, Holden Caulfield, a seventeen-year-old boy, transitions from childhood to adulthood. The death of Holden’s little brother signifies the beginning his loss of innocence and growth of maturity. As he enters adulthood, Holden views society differently from his peers by characterizing most of his peers and adults he meets as â€Å"phonies.† Thus, Holden takes the impossible challenge of preserving the innocence in children because he wants to prevent children from experiencing the corruption in society. The Catcher In The Rye embodies Holden’s struggle to preserve the innocence of children and reveals the inevitability of and the necessity of encountering the harsh realities of life. As a child,†¦show more content†¦Although Holden â€Å"hardly even know[s]† James, he sees him as someone who is real and not phony, admiring his resistance to lie (Salinger 171. The deaths of Allie and James cause Holden to contemplate suicide in order to escape the world of phoniness he lives in. Consequently, Holden’s constant thoughts about suicide lead to his own loss of innocence and advancement toward adulthood. Likewise, Holden is also consistently rejected when he seeks help from others. On Saturday night, Holden rides the cab to Ernie’s. During the ride, Holden â€Å"sort of [strikes] up a conversation† with Horwitz, the cab driver, about the ducks in Central Park (Salinger 81). Holden does not know where to go and feels lost, relating himself to the ducks during winter. However, Horwitz blatantly shows no interest in the ducks and diverts the conversation to the fish in the pond instead, thinking that winter is â€Å"tougher for the fish† (Salinger 82). Despite his curiosity, Holden quickly drops the conversation after seeing that Horwitz is getting frustrated with him. In addition, Horwitz also rejects Holden’s invitation to have a drink. Later on, Holde n hires Sunny, a prostitute. Although Holden claims to be a sex maniac, he is still a virgin. Thus, as Sunny begins to take off her clothes, Holden feels peculiar and embarrassed. He notices Sunny’s childish habits, such as her â€Å"teeny little wheeny-whiny voice† and lack of use of vulgar language (Salinger 94). In addition, Sunny starts â€Å"jiggling herShow MoreRelatedThe Innocence of Childhood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger follows the endeavours of Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old teenage boy who faces a point in his life where he must make the transition from childhood to adulthood. In an attempt to retain his own childhood, he begins hoping to stop other young children from growing up and losing their innocence as well. As indicated by the title, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† is a book that explores a theme involving the preservation of innocence, especially of childrenRead MoreInnocence in The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger Essay888 Words   |  4 Pagestimes in a person’s life is childhood, during this time life is easy and often romanticized. As a person grows older the innocence and naivety of childhood begins to fade into a hardness caused by the harsh realties of adulthood. Though the transition from childhood is hard, one most remember not to rush into adulthood savor your innocence . In Catcher In the Rye , by J.D. Salinger the main character Holden Caulfield is in the transitional stage, he finds it hard for him to grow-up and act like an adultRead MoreChildhood Innocence is Everything in Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger770 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone’s mother always told them that childhood innocence is the best thing in the world, but for Holden it is the world. When reading The Catcher in the Rye some people disdain Holden, because they think he’s cynical and immature, but reall y he is a representation of us all. Unlike other books, the protagonist isn’t someone you want to be friends with, it’s someone you realize you are. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is Holden’s chronicle of running away from his boarding school and livingRead MorePreserving Innocence in J.D. Salinger ´s The Catcher in the Rye738 Words   |  3 Pagesemotional phase that everyone has to experience. Our innocence is like a mask that blinds us from perceiving life as it really is. As we grow up, we lose our sense of innocence and begin to see the world differently. In the book The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a teenage boy who fears maturity for himself and the children around him. The theme of innocence is found throughout the novel, as Holden struggles to protect the innocence of children from the superficiality and shallownessRead MoreHolden Caulfield ´s Innocence and Purity in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger850 Wo rds   |  4 PagesIn a society filled with impureness, Holden Caulfield searches for purity and innocence in everyone around him. Lonely, affectionate, and judgmental, Holden is the narrator and protagonist of The Catcher in the Rye. His actions and the way he acts reveals that Holden is very lonely, and is longing for human companionship. Holden is somewhat mature above his age, but still desires pleasures like any other teenage boy. After meeting people, Holden becomes very judgemental about the way people act.Read MoreCatcher in the Rye vs Frankenstein Novel Study Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesIndependent Novel Study In today’s world, innocence cannot be preserved forever. As humans age, they lose their innocence due to the corruption that exists in society. This is demonstrated in the two novels, Catcher in the Rye and Frankenstein. The two authors, J.D. Salinger and Mary Shelley prove this statement through their use of various literary devices. Key characters in both novels- Holden and the creature- learn through personal experiences that innocence cannot, in fact, be preserved foreverRead More The Catcher and the Rye / Huckleberry Finn Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Webster’s dictionary defines innocence as, â€Å"Freedom from harmfulness; inoffensiveness.† Although this definition is the one which is most commonly used, many authors tend to twist or stretch the meaning in order to fit the material to which it applies. For example, the way J.D Salinger applies innocence to his work is quite different from the way Mark Twain uses innocence. Innocence also change s accordingly with the time period. The definition of innocence is dynamic with respect to author andRead MoreThe Importance of Censoring in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1145 Words   |  5 PagesJ.D. Salinger was an American author well known for his best seller The Catcher in the Rye, a considerably influential novel that portrayed the feelings of alienation that were experienced by adolescents in North America after World War II (J.D. Salinger Biography). Salinger’s work appeared in many magazines, including a series of short stories which inspired many new authors (J.D. Salinger Biography). His inspiration for Pencey Prep boarding school in The Catcher in the Rye stemmed from hisRead MoreCatcher Rye And Perfect Day For Bananafish1562 Words   |  7 Pages The Catcher in The Rye and Perfect Day For Bananafish In â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†,by J.D Salinger, Holden Caulfield, a troubled 16 year old boy who constantly gets kicked out of every school takes it upon himself to become â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, in reality not being real occupation but an idea he chose to adopt for himself after he heard a little boy singing in the street. The catcher in the Rye can be described in Holden’s perspective as a person, almost like a hero that helps childrenRead More salinger Essay843 Words   |  4 Pages LIFE AND PHILOSOPHY OF J.D. SALINGER J.D. Salinger is one of the most renowned writers of his time. J. D. Salinger is most known for his controversial in the Catcher in the Rye. Salinger is also known for many of his writings such as Franney and Zooey, Nine Stories, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters. The summer of 1930 he was voted â€Å"The Most Popular Writer†. â€Å"Salinger is a beautifully deft, professional who gives us a chance to catch quick, half-amused, half-frightened glimpses of

Bacteria Good or Bad Free Essays

In the world, some people see bacteria as something that is harmful and that causes nothing but illness and infections. Bacteria can actually be helpful as well. It can provide vitamins to your body, help digestion, destroy bad organisms, help make medicines and also help out with the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Bacteria: Good or Bad? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this research paper, it will describe two bacteria that are helpful and sometimes harmful to humans and the environment, which are E. coli and Lactobacillus Acidophilus. E. coli E. coli is the bacteria that live in the intestines of humans and animals. It and other bacteria help develop the body and keep your intestines healthy. It also provides vitamins to the body. But, E. coli can also cause food poisoning and infection of other parts of the body. It can cause kidney failure, anemia and urinary tract infections. It can get into food and water and cause us to become ill. It can also be passed from contact with another person if they haven’t washed their hands. E. coli may keep people healthy, but it only works that way if they know how to maintain good health and stay clean. Lactobacillus Acidophilus Lactobacillus Acidophilus is the bacteria found in dairy products, intestinal tract and the mouth. It helps digestion and protects the intestines from the harmful bacteria. It breaks down the bad bacteria and destroys them from becoming a hazard to the environment. Acidophilus also stops diarrhea and constipation and also protects women from yeast infection. In conclusion, there are many bacteria that can be both harmful and helpful, other than the two bacteria that was previously discussed. Bacteria can cause sickness, but it can also cure it. It can help you to become healthy, but it can also make the body and environment deteriorate. Bacteria are needed to survive and people can’t live without it. How to cite Bacteria: Good or Bad?, Papers

Oligopoly Monopoly and Duopoly in Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Oligopoly, Monopoly and Duopoly in Australia. Answer: Introduction Free market is a situation where buyers and sellers compete freely in the market. However, pure form of competition does not exist in the real world. Oligopoly, monopoly and monopolistic competition are different forms of imperfectly competitive markets. In todays world, concentration of markets in the hands of few large retailers is becoming a major problem. In the paper article based on this kind of problem is reviewed. The article focuses on market on market concentration problem in Australia. Woolworths and Coles appear as two large retail giants and hence largely affect economic health of the nation. Essence of the story Generally, oligopolistic structure prevails in Australian supermarkets. With high concentration of market power, oligopoly structure is now reduced to a specific form namely duopoly. Chief executive of Small Business council in Australia strongly acknowledges this fact and links this issue with largest trade union in Australia. In Australia thee are mainly three large organizations affecting the economic environment. Because of increasing penalty rate there is possibility that small business may shut down, giving a clear economic ground for the duopoly players. Their market share will further increase with elimination of competition through actions of Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA)[1]. This indicates that increasing market share of Coles and Woolworths is not solely resulted from better quality product or offering products at a low price but by their ability to eliminate other competitor due to their hold over increasing cost. The duopoly structure can turn to a monopoly one if any one of the big players entirely captures the whole market share. Between Woolworth and Coles products belong to Woolworth group usually, capture larger share in the market[2]. In a monopoly market, control of prices is entirely in the hand of monopolist. Sufferings of the buyers will increase if this happens. Economic theories Oligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure where number of buyers exceeds the number of sellers. Strategic dependence is a major feature of oligopolistic market. Strategic interdependence means marketing strategy of one firm influence the strategies of other sellers as well[3]. High market concentration is observed in this kind of markets. In order to increase market share the sellers engage in price war. The market demand curve has a kink because of existence of difference price elasticity Figure 1: Oligopoly market and kinked demand curve (Source: as created by Author) Equilibrium condition in oligopoly market is described in the above figure. Average Revenue curve or demand curve is named as abc. Equilibrium price is P1 as determined by the intersection of marginal revenue and marginal cost curve. Above P1 demand curve is flatter indicating elastic demand whereas below P1 demand curve is steeper that is inelastic. Price war occurs in the inelastic portion of demand curve where strategy of price reduction by one firm is followed by other rival firms[4]. Duopoly In the price war, large firms win because of their ability to sell the good even at a very low price. They use cost efficient technologies that enable them to maintain a minimum profit margin and sustain in the market. Duopoly is the most basic form of oligopoly where only two sellers enjoy most of the market share. In the duopoly market, sellers differentiated their products to enjoy a monopoly power in the market[5]. Because of high concentration of market shares, the two firms have the power to restrict production quantity, to segment the market and devise other controls in the market. The collusion between duopoly sellers has a monopoly like impacts. Woolworths and Coles in Australia form duopoly structure in Australian supermarket. In the price war, they win over other sellers because of a low cost production capacity. Attrition of competitors allows the two large retailers to dominate over others. Monopoly In the monopoly market, there is a single seller enjoys all the market power. The monopolists set its price according to demand in the market. The monopolists alone grab all the surpluses in the market as the monopolist act as a price taker instead of a price maker. As a result, economic profit can be seen even in the long-run[6]. Woolworth-Coles duopoly structure is likely to be turn into a monopoly structure. Monopoly power can be realized either due to cartel formation between them or due to dominance of one of them on other[7]. The monopoly market structure with economic profit is explained in the following diagram. Figure 2: Monopoly market structure and economic profit (Source: as created by Author) In the figure, the shaded region shows the economic profit enjoyed by the monopolist. Equilibrium is obtained by equating marginal revenue and marginal cost same like oligopoly market. However, the price is much higher in monopoly market allowing the monopoly seller to enjoy an economic profit. Recommendation In a concentrated market, buyers are always at a disadvantageous position. Once large sellers capture the entire market, they start increasing their profit margin by increasing price in the market[8]. Exclusivity clause in lease agreement leads to market concentration by preventing establishment of rival shops in nearby region. Policymakers should revise such lease agreement. Assistance should be given to small retailer to compete with the large retailers. They should encourage competition among the supermarket retailers. Campaign should be made to promote products of other retailers. The state should take initiatives to look into this matter and break the market concentration. Conclusion Market with imperfect competition takes different forms. Among them oligopoly is a common type of market. The paper analyzes the oligopoly structure of supermarkets in Australia. The structure recently turns to a duopoly one with increasing concentration of Woolworth and Coles. Australian buyers largely suffer from the market power of the giants firms. If this continues, there is possibility that the supermarket structure will become a monopoly structure. Policy makers should design policies to reduce concentration in the market. References Business Leader Savages Supermarkets(2017) NewsComAu https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/small-business-chief-savages-coles-and-woolies-and-their-trade-union-ally/news-story/313cad799dc9df6c4b51dcfa36de2bb3 Competition, Squeezing,Market Monopolies In Australia(2017) CHOICE https://www.choice.com.au/shopping/everyday-shopping/supermarkets/articles/market-concentration Dunne, Timothy et al, "Entry, Exit, And The Determinants Of Market Structure" (2013) 44The RAND Journal of Economics. Gottliebsen, Robert and Robert Gottliebsen,Supermarket Shake-Up Looms(2017) Theaustralian.com.au https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/robert-gottliebsen/the-coming-shakeup-of-australian-supermarkets/news-story/dbb9a3dbddbe42f730a760e10488a357 Mankiw, N. Gregory and Mark P Taylor,Microeconomics(Cengage Learning EMEA, 2014) "Mixed Market Competition In A Quality Differentiated Duopoly ModelAn Approach To Banking Sector" (2014) 13Chinese Business Review Oligopoly And Dynamic Competition(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). Pindyck, Robert S and Daniel L Rubinfeld,Microeconomics (Pearson Education, 2013 Business Leader Savages Supermarkets(2017) NewsComAu https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/small-business-chief-savages-coles-and-woolies-and-their-trade-union-ally/news-story/313cad799dc9df6c4b51dcfa36de2bb3. Squeezing competition,Market Monopolies In Australia(2017) CHOICE https://www.choice.com.au/shopping/everyday-shopping/supermarkets/articles/market-concentration. N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P Taylor,Microeconomics(Cengage Learning EMEA, 2014). Oligopoly And Dynamic Competition(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). "Mixed Market Competition In A Quality Differentiated Duopoly ModelAn Approach To Banking Sector" (2014) 13Chinese Business Review. Timothy Dunne et al, "Entry, Exit, And The Determinants Of Market Structure" (2013) 44The RAND Journal of Economics. Robert Gottliebsen and Robert Gottliebsen,Supermarket Shake-Up Looms(2017) Theaustralian.com.au https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/robert-gottliebsen/the-coming-shakeup-of-australian-supermarkets/news-story/dbb9a3dbddbe42f730a760e10488a357. Robert S Pindyck and Daniel L Rubinfeld,Microeconomics (Pearson Education, 2013